Allgemeine Depressionsskala Ads Pdf Viewer
Die Allgemeine Depressionsskala (ADS) wird haufig als Instrument zur Selbstbeurteilung depressiver Symptome in der Allgemeinbevolkerung eingesetzt. Hautzinger and M. Bailer, Allgemeine Depressionsskala (ADS), Beltz PVU, Weinheim, Germany, 1993.
, 1 Introduction Pectus excavatum (PE) and pectus carinatum (PC) are the most common anterior chest-wall deformities. Both of these malformations predominantly affect males. They often coincide with the vulnerable life phase of puberty, a period characterized by great physical, social, and emotional changes. PE either can be present at birth or may develop and deteriorate during childhood and adolescence; PC usually manifests itself at the time of a growth spurt in the early teenage years. PE appears in as many as 1 in 400 to 1 in 1000 live births with a four to one male:female ratio; PC occurs less frequently.
Outer appearance becomes a major issue for adolescents, and those who display a visible disfigurement may be put at a disadvantage, having to come to terms with a difference in their looks and having to face the risk of harassment by their peers. Patients with pectus deformities often experience feelings of shame and try to hide their chests. This can be reflected in the choice of clothing or poor body posture. Download Save Game Yugioh Forbidden Memories Full Cardigan. Many patients even avoid social activities and sports. Chest-wall malformations can have a substantial impact on social interaction as well,; for example, quite a few patients experience stigmatization and, at the same time, they may display inadequate social behavior or even avoid social situations. As they mature, patients become increasingly concerned about sexuality and intimacy. They are aware of the fact that their deformity is generally not considered attractive, and some regard it as an obstacle in future relationships.
Reduced self-confidence and self-esteem appear to be rather common characteristics of PE patients. Recently, several authors have assessed the improvement of quality of life (QoL) and body image following surgical repair of PE. Yet, little is known about the degree to which patients, prior to surgery, differ from healthy individuals within the same age group. So far, only few studies have attempted to describe psychological strain in PE patients prior to corrective surgery. Even less is known about possible differences in the impact of PE and PC on health-related QoL and body image. PC is the second most frequent chest-wall malformation.
These patients are usually excluded from research. The few reports available are mainly concerned with overall satisfaction with the surgical outcome.